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And The Oscar Goes to Sora

Feb 16, 2024 ยท 2024 #7. Read the transcript grouped by speaker, inspect word-level timecodes, and optionally turn subtitles on for direct video playback

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And The Oscar Goes to Sora

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Speaker 3

I've got sunshine On a cloudy day When it's cold outside I've got the Monday morning Everybody sing! I guess

Words and timings
I'vegotsunshineOnacloudydayWhenit'scoldoutsideI'vegottheMondaymorningEverybodysing!Iguess

Speaker 3

hello everybody it is Friday February the 16th 2024 welcome as always on a Friday to That Was The Week although in a way perhaps today

Words and timings
helloeverybodyitisFridayFebruarythe16th2024welcomeasalwaysonaFridaytoThatWasTheWeekalthoughinawayperhapstoday

Speaker 4

The show should be renamed That Will Be The Week. It's three weeks till the Oscars, the annual celebration in Southern California of movies, but Keith Teare as a typical Northern Californian thinks he's ahead of Southern California and he's already given out the Oscars even though there's three weeks till the great ceremony he has given the Oscar at least in That Was The Week's newsletter for this week to Sora the AI animated movie intelligence so Keith Are you suggesting that you know more than the people who do the Oscars? Is Sora going to get the Oscar in three weeks' time?

Words and timings
TheshowshouldberenamedThatWillBeTheWeek.It'sthreeweekstilltheOscars,theannualcelebrationinSouthernCaliforniaofmovies,butKeithTeareasatypicalNorthernCalifornianthinkshe'saheadofSouthernCaliforniaandhe'salreadygivenouttheOscarseventhoughthere'sthreeweekstillthegreatceremonyhehasgiventheOscaratleastinThatWasTheWeek'snewsletterforthisweektoSoratheAIanimatedmovieintelligencesoKeithAreyousuggestingthatyouknowmorethanthepeoplewhodotheOscars?IsSoragoingtogettheOscarinthreeweeks'time?

Speaker 1

Well, just a little detail, Andrew. It does say 2026. It doesn't say 2024.

Words and timings
Well,justalittledetail,Andrew.Itdoessay2026.Itdoesn'tsay2024.

Speaker 4

I missed that. So I am saying... Or even that will be the week in two years and three weeks. Exactly.

Words and timings
Imissedthat.SoIamsaying...Oreventhatwillbetheweekintwoyearsandthreeweeks.Exactly.

Speaker 1

Because Sora, for those who don't yet know, Sora is the name... OpenAI is given to its video generation platform, and it produced a whole bunch of demo videos, typically around a minute long. They are mind-blowingly good.

Words and timings
BecauseSora,forthosewhodon'tyetknow,Soraisthename...OpenAIisgiventoitsvideogenerationplatform,anditproducedawholebunchofdemovideos,typicallyaroundaminutelong.Theyaremind-blowinglygood.

Speaker 4

Yeah, and your favorite, which I watched, was Snow Dogs.

Words and timings
Yeah,andyourfavorite,whichIwatched,wasSnowDogs.

Speaker 1

Yeah, it's really good. And it made me think, When was it that we thought it would be normal for Netflix and Apple TV or Amazon Prime to be nominated for Oscars for stuff they produced? I don't think it was that long ago. It would have been really weird not that long ago to think that that could happen. So I actually think it's very likely that AI is going to produce whole movies.

Words and timings
Yeah,it'sreallygood.Anditmademethink,WhenwasitthatwethoughtitwouldbenormalforNetflixandAppleTVorAmazonPrimetobenominatedforOscarsforstufftheyproduced?Idon'tthinkitwasthatlongago.Itwouldhavebeenreallyweirdnotthatlongagotothinkthatthatcouldhappen.SoIactuallythinkit'sverylikelythatAIisgoingtoproducewholemovies.

Speaker 4

Yeah, and they're going to have to change the awards. The current model is you give awards obviously for movies, but for actors, for cinematography, for film editing, is AI going to change all that, Keith? I mean, you'd still tend to be, I mean, this is all so open, but you still tend to be relatively optimistic. You think it will be a boon to the movie industry. Some people are much less optimistic.

Words and timings
Yeah,andthey'regoingtohavetochangetheawards.Thecurrentmodelisyougiveawardsobviouslyformovies,butforactors,forcinematography,forfilmediting,isAIgoingtochangeallthat,Keith?Imean,you'dstilltendtobe,Imean,thisisallsoopen,butyoustilltendtoberelativelyoptimistic.Youthinkitwillbeaboontothemovieindustry.Somepeoplearemuchlessoptimistic.

Speaker 1

Well, that's a longer conversation about the balance between human creativity and tools. I don't expect the tools will be very good without human creativity. I think there'll be you know, surprising people.

Words and timings
Well,that'salongerconversationaboutthebalancebetweenhumancreativityandtools.Idon'texpectthetoolswillbeverygoodwithouthumancreativity.Ithinkthere'llbeyouknow,surprisingpeople.

Speaker 4

They'll be on the level of your art that you used for That Was The Week, I mean. Exactly.

Words and timings
They'llbeonthelevelofyourartthatyouusedforThatWasTheWeek,Imean.Exactly.

Speaker 1

So I don't, you know, it would take me 10 years to learn art to produce that image. So my skills are lacking. But my creative brain had something like that in it. And the tool let me extract from my brain something that I couldn't possibly have done without lots of training.

Words and timings
SoIdon't,youknow,itwouldtakeme10yearstolearnarttoproducethatimage.Somyskillsarelacking.Butmycreativebrainhadsomethinglikethatinit.AndthetoolletmeextractfrommybrainsomethingthatIcouldn'tpossiblyhavedonewithoutlotsoftraining.

Speaker 4

So tell me a little bit more about Sora. I mean, I looked at the video and the Snow Dogs video is good. Is it hard to do? I mean, do you need to have any skills in cinematography to be able to use Sora?

Words and timings
SotellmealittlebitmoreaboutSora.Imean,IlookedatthevideoandtheSnowDogsvideoisgood.Isithardtodo?Imean,doyouneedtohaveanyskillsincinematographytobeabletouseSora?

Speaker 1

Well, they haven't released it to the public yet. It's still in test. So the answer is I don't know. But according to what I read, I link in the newsletter to a whole technical document that they released. It is simply a prompt. The prompt for the dog video was literally one sentence long. And the intelligence figured out the camera angles, the close-up, what kind of dogs, how it interacted with the snow. All of that was done in the AI. So I think the answer is you don't need any skills at all. You just need the idea.

Words and timings
Well,theyhaven'treleasedittothepublicyet.It'sstillintest.SotheanswerisIdon'tknow.ButaccordingtowhatIread,Ilinkinthenewslettertoawholetechnicaldocumentthattheyreleased.Itissimplyaprompt.Thepromptforthedogvideowasliterallyonesentencelong.Andtheintelligencefiguredoutthecameraangles,theclose-up,whatkindofdogs,howitinteractedwiththesnow.AllofthatwasdoneintheAI.SoIthinktheanswerisyoudon'tneedanyskillsatall.Youjustneedtheidea.

Speaker 1

the winners of the Oscars in 2026 it's not going to be companies it's going to be creative individuals who know who know how to ask questions to give prompts is that right yeah I mean if you think about the movie Avatar which is probably the movie we most think of as being state-of-the-art you know in terms of use of FX I've got to imagine movies at that level of quality will be able to to be produced by AI much faster I mean Avatar took years, right?

Words and timings
thewinnersoftheOscarsin2026it'snotgoingtobecompaniesit'sgoingtobecreativeindividualswhoknowwhoknowhowtoaskquestionstogivepromptsisthatrightyeahImeanifyouthinkaboutthemovieAvatarwhichisprobablythemoviewemostthinkofasbeingstate-of-the-artyouknowintermsofuseofFXI'vegottoimaginemoviesatthatlevelofqualitywillbeabletotobeproducedbyAImuchfasterImeanAvatartookyears,right?

Speaker 4

Years. Teams. I mean, when you go to these, especially these animated films, there's about a 10 minute section at the end of the film just to list the people who created it.

Words and timings
Years.Teams.Imean,whenyougotothese,especiallytheseanimatedfilms,there'sabouta10minutesectionattheendofthefilmjusttolistthepeoplewhocreatedit.

Speaker 1

Right, so now I don't think the kind of script quality of a toy story or an avatar is going to come out of AI. I do think talented script writers are going to use AI to produce scripts faster and edit them quicker and turn them into at least storyboard level video faster. I mean, the whole production process really from the idea all the way through to the end result is going to be impacted.

Words and timings
Right,sonowIdon'tthinkthekindofscriptqualityofatoystoryoranavatarisgoingtocomeoutofAI.IdothinktalentedscriptwritersaregoingtouseAItoproducescriptsfasterandeditthemquickerandturnthemintoatleaststoryboardlevelvideofaster.Imean,thewholeproductionprocessreallyfromtheideaallthewaythroughtotheendresultisgoingtobeimpacted.

Speaker 4

Lots of startups, Keith, in this space. I know one or two entrepreneurs with their own. And in your essays of the week this week, you talk about AI unicorns. I haven't heard You mentioned unicorns positively for months, if not years. Is this AI revolution sparking more optimism when it comes to billion-dollar startups?

Words and timings
Lotsofstartups,Keith,inthisspace.Iknowoneortwoentrepreneurswiththeirown.Andinyouressaysoftheweekthisweek,youtalkaboutAIunicorns.Ihaven'theardYoumentionedunicornspositivelyformonths,ifnotyears.IsthisAIrevolutionsparkingmoreoptimismwhenitcomestobillion-dollarstartups?

Speaker 1

Not yet. I'd say it's slow. To give you a sense of it, that article's by my wife, Jeanne, on Crunchbase, and she makes the point that there were 95 unicorns last year compared to 600 in 2021. so clearly the number of unicorns being produced is much smaller and then she notes that you know a lot of them are coming out of AI and she names Mistral as one of those and Light Matter is another one and Maintain X which is an industrial digitization platform for manufacturing now that those three you know you start to understand that AI is going to move from digital to physical world. Obviously, it already is like a Tesla production line uses AI to make cars and there's a lot of robots and less people, but it's going to go much further, much faster. I think it makes Tesla's attempt to do a walking, talking robot a little bit more interesting. The recent demos have shown a lot of progress. So how long before we get from AI That We Can Use as a Tool to AI That Can Do Work That Otherwise We Would Have to Do. I don't know how long that is in years. I mean, my pessimistic side would say 10 years. My optimistic side would say three years from now, there'll be something we don't expect.

Words and timings
Notyet.I'dsayit'sslow.Togiveyouasenseofit,thatarticle'sbymywife,Jeanne,onCrunchbase,andshemakesthepointthattherewere95unicornslastyearcomparedto600in2021.soclearlythenumberofunicornsbeingproducedismuchsmallerandthenshenotesthatyouknowalotofthemarecomingoutofAIandshenamesMistralasoneofthoseandLightMatterisanotheroneandMaintainXwhichisanindustrialdigitizationplatformformanufacturingnowthatthosethreeyouknowyoustarttounderstandthatAIisgoingtomovefromdigitaltophysicalworld.Obviously,italreadyislikeaTeslaproductionlineusesAItomakecarsandthere'salotofrobotsandlesspeople,butit'sgoingtogomuchfurther,muchfaster.IthinkitmakesTesla'sattempttodoawalking,talkingrobotalittlebitmoreinteresting.Therecentdemoshaveshownalotofprogress.SohowlongbeforewegetfromAIThatWeCanUseasaTooltoAIThatCanDoWorkThatOtherwiseWeWouldHavetoDo.Idon'tknowhowlongthatisinyears.Imean,mypessimisticsidewouldsay10years.Myoptimisticsidewouldsaythreeyearsfromnow,there'llbesomethingwedon'texpect.

Speaker 4

Well, 10 years, as you know, is really a punt, saying we have no idea. And speaking of punting, last week was the Super Bowl, which Unfortunately San Francisco Lost. Your newsletter has a piece from the New York Times. 40 years ago this ad, the famous Apple ad, changed the Super Bowl forever. When you were watching the Super Bowl last week, did you think of that ad? I'm not sure how.

Words and timings
Well,10years,asyouknow,isreallyapunt,sayingwehavenoidea.Andspeakingofpunting,lastweekwastheSuperBowl,whichUnfortunatelySanFranciscoLost.YournewsletterhasapiecefromtheNewYorkTimes.40yearsagothisad,thefamousApplead,changedtheSuperBowlforever.WhenyouwerewatchingtheSuperBowllastweek,didyouthinkofthatad?I'mnotsurehow.

Speaker 1

I didn't think of that ad. I watched the Super Bowl and therefore I watched most of the ads, which was, I think, quite underwhelming. that Super Bowl ad that Apple did and by the way the New York Times article is very good it goes into a lot of detail with the players who were active at the time as to how that ad emerged and it's a lot more... It's a Ridley Scott produced ad very famous I think it's won all sorts of awards Ridley Scott of course still going he just came out with his new movie Napoleon so... Now, what's interesting is how bold the vision was and how radical they intended to be. They were really pointing the finger at big tech as it then was, which is mainly IBM, and saying they were going to disrupt it.

Words and timings
Ididn'tthinkofthatad.IwatchedtheSuperBowlandthereforeIwatchedmostoftheads,whichwas,Ithink,quiteunderwhelming.thatSuperBowladthatAppledidandbythewaytheNewYorkTimesarticleisverygooditgoesintoalotofdetailwiththeplayerswhowereactiveatthetimeastohowthatademergedandit'salotmore...It'saRidleyScottproducedadveryfamousIthinkit'swonallsortsofawardsRidleyScottofcoursestillgoinghejustcameoutwithhisnewmovieNapoleonso...Now,what'sinterestingishowboldthevisionwasandhowradicaltheyintendedtobe.Theywerereallypointingthefingeratbigtechasitthenwas,whichismainlyIBM,andsayingtheyweregoingtodisruptit.

Speaker 4

Yeah, remind us, Keith, historically back in 1984, I know you weren't really born then, but What was the situation? What was Apple advertising in 84?

Words and timings
Yeah,remindus,Keith,historicallybackin1984,Iknowyouweren'treallybornthen,butWhatwasthesituation?WhatwasAppleadvertisingin84?

Speaker 1

Well, Apple had gone through some... It was at the... End of a Very Hard Time and was releasing the new Mac, the first, you know, that Mac that was like a box with a screen in it. And IBM and Microsoft dominated home computing. You could buy a PC with a tiny hard drive or some of them only had floppy drives for a lot of money and they didn't do very much and they were based on DOS that is to say the interface was green words and dots it wasn't graphical and Apple basically produced something at roughly the equivalent price point that was graphical, stealing a lot of ideas from Xerox PARC. It had a mouse, which was the first time the mouse came about as a mass market thing at least.

Words and timings
Well,Applehadgonethroughsome...Itwasatthe...EndofaVeryHardTimeandwasreleasingthenewMac,thefirst,youknow,thatMacthatwaslikeaboxwithascreeninit.AndIBMandMicrosoftdominatedhomecomputing.YoucouldbuyaPCwithatinyharddriveorsomeofthemonlyhadfloppydrivesforalotofmoneyandtheydidn'tdoverymuchandtheywerebasedonDOSthatistosaytheinterfacewasgreenwordsanddotsitwasn'tgraphicalandApplebasicallyproducedsomethingatroughlytheequivalentpricepointthatwasgraphical,stealingalotofideasfromXeroxPARC.Ithadamouse,whichwasthefirsttimethemousecameaboutasamassmarketthingatleast.

Speaker 4

and so it was truly revolutionary and it had software that you know was not that different to the software we use today and the ad is is memorable it shows a a young woman a young athlete throwing a hammer at a screen and liberating all these 1984 style clones it it's seen i guess almost as an extinction event in terms of and we have another extinction event apparently at least in one of your links Keith this week in the New Yorker about is the media prepared for an extinction level event it's kind of AI it's about the end of media of newspapers of online magazines what did you make of this New Yorker piece it's it's it's certainly not the first or the last of its type

Words and timings
andsoitwastrulyrevolutionaryandithadsoftwarethatyouknowwasnotthatdifferenttothesoftwareweusetodayandtheadisismemorableitshowsaayoungwomanayoungathletethrowingahammeratascreenandliberatingallthese1984styleclonesitit'sseeniguessalmostasanextinctioneventintermsofandwehaveanotherextinctioneventapparentlyatleastinoneofyourlinksKeiththisweekintheNewYorkeraboutisthemediapreparedforanextinctionleveleventit'skindofAIit'sabouttheendofmediaofnewspapersofonlinemagazineswhatdidyoumakeofthisNewYorkerpieceit'sit'sit'scertainlynotthefirstorthelastofitstype

Speaker 1

Yeah, I think it's a gathering together of a bunch of threads that have been in the ether for the last couple of years really but have accelerated with the rise of AI which is what we've talked about two or three times now on the show which is if AI is good at delivering the stuff you need why will you ever go to the source? and I think that is the question that runs through that article. It's a long article, well thought through.

Words and timings
Yeah,Ithinkit'sagatheringtogetherofabunchofthreadsthathavebeenintheetherforthelastcoupleofyearsreallybuthaveacceleratedwiththeriseofAIwhichiswhatwe'vetalkedabouttwoorthreetimesnowontheshowwhichisifAIisgoodatdeliveringthestuffyouneedwhywillyouevergotothesource?andIthinkthatisthequestionthatrunsthroughthatarticle.It'salongarticle,wellthoughtthrough.

Speaker 4

Yeah, I thought it was very good by Claire Malone. Of course, though, it also means that if you never go to the source, that source will go away because no one will be paying the journalist who's actually creating the news. So in the end, AI will, the news or the information on AI will be

Words and timings
Yeah,IthoughtitwasverygoodbyClaireMalone.Ofcourse,though,italsomeansthatifyounevergotothesource,thatsourcewillgoawaybecausenoonewillbepayingthejournalistwho'sactuallycreatingthenews.Sointheend,AIwill,thenewsortheinformationonAIwillbe

Speaker 1

premised on at best amateurs sometimes propaganda or states or fantasists of one kind or another so it's kind of interesting to think about the whole value chain of information that starts you know hyper local actually um and then you know historically how um you know the the the uh the uh The Morse Code System That Was Existed With A Telegraph Which Then Led To The Emergence Of Things Like Reuters And Associated Press Which Then Fed All These Privately Owned Media Houses That Entire Value Chain Really Goes I Don't Even Really Know Why It Still Exists When You've Got 4 Billion People With Smartphones and you've got information passing at the speed of light from anywhere in the world to anywhere else in the world.

Words and timings
premisedonatbestamateurssometimespropagandaorstatesorfantasistsofonekindoranothersoit'skindofinterestingtothinkaboutthewholevaluechainofinformationthatstartsyouknowhyperlocalactuallyumandthenyouknowhistoricallyhowumyouknowthethetheuhtheuhTheMorseCodeSystemThatWasExistedWithATelegraphWhichThenLedToTheEmergenceOfThingsLikeReutersAndAssociatedPressWhichThenFedAllThesePrivatelyOwnedMediaHousesThatEntireValueChainReallyGoesIDon'tEvenReallyKnowWhyItStillExistsWhenYou'veGot4BillionPeopleWithSmartphonesandyou'vegotinformationpassingatthespeedoflightfromanywhereintheworldtoanywhereelseintheworld.

Speaker 4

Don't you, though, don't you pay for subscriptions? Don't you pay for The New York Times?

Words and timings
Don'tyou,though,don'tyoupayforsubscriptions?Don'tyoupayforTheNewYorkTimes?

Speaker 1

I do, but I pay for depth and quality, which I still will. I don't think that stops.

Words and timings
Ido,butIpayfordepthandquality,whichIstillwill.Idon'tthinkthatstops.

Speaker 4

And isn't that what That Was The Week is, curated by Keith Teare? You couldn't curate this with AI, or you could, but it wouldn't be as good.

Words and timings
Andisn'tthatwhatThatWasTheWeekis,curatedbyKeithTeare?Youcouldn'tcuratethiswithAI,oryoucould,butitwouldn'tbeasgood.

Speaker 1

I certainly could try to curate everything except the editorial.

Words and timings
Icertainlycouldtrytocurateeverythingexcepttheeditorial.

Speaker 4

You could get AI to write the editorial.

Words and timings
YoucouldgetAItowritetheeditorial.

Speaker 1

Yeah, but then it wouldn't be me.

Words and timings
Yeah,butthenitwouldn'tbeme.

Speaker 4

Then the curation wouldn't be you either.

Words and timings
Thenthecurationwouldn'tbeyoueither.

Speaker 1

You wouldn't choose different stuff. No, I tell you what, there's a lot of inefficiency in my... I'll tell you where it would really help. I read stuff every day and I basically bookmark stuff that's intended for curation. And that bookmark lives in a website called Feedly. that list has a RSS feed but I have to manually go and copy and paste each article into Substack every week and there is no good tool yet that will read my feedly and create my curated list with headings and topic areas.

Words and timings
Youwouldn'tchoosedifferentstuff.No,Itellyouwhat,there'salotofinefficiencyinmy...I'lltellyouwhereitwouldreallyhelp.IreadstuffeverydayandIbasicallybookmarkstuffthat'sintendedforcuration.AndthatbookmarklivesinawebsitecalledFeedly.thatlisthasaRSSfeedbutIhavetomanuallygoandcopyandpasteeacharticleintoSubstackeveryweekandthereisnogoodtoolyetthatwillreadmyfeedlyandcreatemycuratedlistwithheadingsandtopicareas.

Speaker 4

I wrote the title, Keith, of this show, Read My Feedly. Sounds a bit vulgar, doesn't it? We'll have to send that to Sinead.

Words and timings
Iwrotethetitle,Keith,ofthisshow,ReadMyFeedly.Soundsabitvulgar,doesn'tit?We'llhavetosendthattoSinead.

Speaker 1

Funnily enough, if you follow my Twitter, you will see every article that I bookmark in real time.

Words and timings
Funnilyenough,ifyoufollowmyTwitter,youwillseeeveryarticlethatIbookmarkinrealtime.

Speaker 4

Well, I'm going to read your feed, Lee. How many feed lists do you have, Keith? One. Oh. well a lot of this stuff's going to end up in court it already is and you have a couple of pieces this week that talk about upcoming court cases that may shape our new economy and determine whether or not this is indeed an extinction event there's the New York Times versus OpenAI copyright lawsuit and then there's an upcoming Supreme Court hearing actually early next week about whether the government can seize control of YouTube and Twitter. What do you make of these two and what are the two articles suggesting?

Words and timings
Well,I'mgoingtoreadyourfeed,Lee.Howmanyfeedlistsdoyouhave,Keith?One.Oh.wellalotofthisstuff'sgoingtoendupincourtitalreadyisandyouhaveacoupleofpiecesthisweekthattalkaboutupcomingcourtcasesthatmayshapeourneweconomyanddeterminewhetherornotthisisindeedanextinctioneventthere'stheNewYorkTimesversusOpenAIcopyrightlawsuitandthenthere'sanupcomingSupremeCourthearingactuallyearlynextweekaboutwhetherthegovernmentcanseizecontrolofYouTubeandTwitter.Whatdoyoumakeofthesetwoandwhatarethetwoarticlessuggesting?

Speaker 1

Well, Mike from O'Reilly Media, who I imagine must be Greek, Mike Loukidis, he actually takes a different point of view than his boss, Tim O'Reilly. He argues that OpenAI may pay as little as a million dollars publishers to allow it to train on their data and he thinks that it's not a terribly high price and it could go as high as five million but those are numbers that are small enough that OpenAI would happily pay so he's basically predicting that there'll be an accommodation between the media industry and AI because Even the media industry will want its own AIs.

Words and timings
Well,MikefromO'ReillyMedia,whoIimaginemustbeGreek,MikeLoukidis,heactuallytakesadifferentpointofviewthanhisboss,TimO'Reilly.HearguesthatOpenAImaypayaslittleasamilliondollarspublisherstoallowittotrainontheirdataandhethinksthatit'snotaterriblyhighpriceanditcouldgoashighasfivemillionbutthosearenumbersthataresmallenoughthatOpenAIwouldhappilypaysohe'sbasicallypredictingthatthere'llbeanaccommodationbetweenthemediaindustryandAIbecauseEventhemediaindustrywillwantitsownAIs.

Speaker 4

You can't imagine... Has OpenAI got good lawyers? Are they tooling up, so to speak, Keith?

Words and timings
Youcan'timagine...HasOpenAIgotgoodlawyers?Aretheytoolingup,sotospeak,Keith?

Speaker 1

Well, they inevitably do have good lawyers because they raised a lot of money. So I don't think they're aggressive, though. I think they're trying to figure out a legitimate fit, if you will, in the ecosystem. The other article is a bit different. That's the government. so so where where is we talking about businesses doing deals in in the O'Reilly piece in in the Vox piece it's about government and specifically the Florida government um having gotten a case all the way up to the Supreme Court that allows them to seize control of curation and the uh the Vox piece that you link has a photograph of Florida's governor a certain Rhonda Santis which probably uh most box readers aren't particularly keen on yeah if you go back to the 1984 ad this really is big brother this is the idea of the government a having an opinion about what legitimate speech is and secondly having the power to enforce it by taking over private businesses um so it really is kind of um so what's the point so Florida and Texas

Words and timings
Well,theyinevitablydohavegoodlawyersbecausetheyraisedalotofmoney.SoIdon'tthinkthey'reaggressive,though.Ithinkthey'retryingtofigureoutalegitimatefit,ifyouwill,intheecosystem.Theotherarticleisabitdifferent.That'sthegovernment.sosowherewhereiswetalkingaboutbusinessesdoingdealsinintheO'ReillypieceinintheVoxpieceit'saboutgovernmentandspecificallytheFloridagovernmentumhavinggottenacaseallthewayuptotheSupremeCourtthatallowsthemtoseizecontrolofcurationandtheuhtheVoxpiecethatyoulinkhasaphotographofFlorida'sgovernoracertainRhondaSantiswhichprobablyuhmostboxreadersaren'tparticularlykeenonyeahifyougobacktothe1984adthisreallyisbigbrotherthisistheideaofthegovernmentahavinganopinionaboutwhatlegitimatespeechisandsecondlyhavingthepowertoenforceitbytakingoverprivatebusinessesumsoitreallyiskindofumsowhat'sthepointsoFloridaandTexas

Speaker 4

Don't want YouTube and Twitter, and it's called Twitter, I mean, I think Vox should know they changed their name, but social media platforms to, what, more aggressively edit what they have on their platform?

Words and timings
Don'twantYouTubeandTwitter,andit'scalledTwitter,Imean,IthinkVoxshouldknowtheychangedtheirname,butsocialmediaplatformsto,what,moreaggressivelyeditwhattheyhaveontheirplatform?

Speaker 1

Yeah, and the inspiration for this is the belief that these social media platforms are biased to the left. and that they are censoring the right, which... When was the last time they looked at X?

Words and timings
Yeah,andtheinspirationforthisisthebeliefthatthesesocialmediaplatformsarebiasedtotheleft.andthattheyarecensoringtheright,which...WhenwasthelasttimetheylookedatX?

Speaker 4

Maybe that's why they talk about Twitter, which no longer exists. Twitter was to the left, but X seems to be more to the right.

Words and timings
Maybethat'swhytheytalkaboutTwitter,whichnolongerexists.Twitterwastotheleft,butXseemstobemoretotheright.

Speaker 1

Yeah, but it's a very ironic stance because when you think about it, the belief that these platforms should be open is now something championed by Republicans. and, you know, not particularly liked by, in quotes, the left. And so here you've got the Republicans arguing that they're not open enough and that government would be a better adjudicator, if you will.

Words and timings
Yeah,butit'saveryironicstancebecausewhenyouthinkaboutit,thebeliefthattheseplatformsshouldbeopenisnowsomethingchampionedbyRepublicans.and,youknow,notparticularlylikedby,inquotes,theleft.Andsohereyou'vegottheRepublicansarguingthatthey'renotopenenoughandthatgovernmentwouldbeabetteradjudicator,ifyouwill.

Speaker 4

But then these things always depend on the context. So conservatives are always in favor of some sort of government intervention if they think the media is controlled by the left and vice versa with the left and they're always in favor of openness if the media is doing what they want the media to do or covering what they want the media to cover.

Words and timings
Butthenthesethingsalwaysdependonthecontext.Soconservativesarealwaysinfavorofsomesortofgovernmentinterventioniftheythinkthemediaiscontrolledbytheleftandviceversawiththeleftandthey'realwaysinfavorofopennessifthemediaisdoingwhattheywantthemediatodoorcoveringwhattheywantthemediatocover.

Speaker 1

Quite right.

Words and timings
Quiteright.

Speaker 4

In other words... All these arguments are self-serving. Yeah, they're totally unprincipled. Except for you and I, of course, Keith. Would we describe ourselves as the two last principled men on earth?

Words and timings
Inotherwords...Alltheseargumentsareself-serving.Yeah,they'retotallyunprincipled.ExceptforyouandI,ofcourse,Keith.Wouldwedescribeourselvesasthetwolastprincipledmenonearth?

Speaker 1

I don't think we'd be the two last. Maybe we'd be the penultimate. The two most distinguished.

Words and timings
Idon'tthinkwe'dbethetwolast.Maybewe'dbethepenultimate.Thetwomostdistinguished.

Speaker 4

How about that? Two oldest. Yeah. Certainly handsomest. Grayest. Handsomest.

Words and timings
Howaboutthat?Twooldest.Yeah.Certainlyhandsomest.Grayest.Handsomest.

Speaker 4

But in all seriousness, we've talked about this so many times. You believe that There shouldn't be any restrictions on what these platforms publish. I'm not so sure. At some point, someone has to determine whether it's government or the owners of these platforms or perhaps the users. They all have to determine what does and doesn't get shown, don't they?

Words and timings
Butinallseriousness,we'vetalkedaboutthissomanytimes.YoubelievethatThereshouldn'tbeanyrestrictionsonwhattheseplatformspublish.I'mnotsosure.Atsomepoint,someonehastodeterminewhetherit'sgovernmentortheownersoftheseplatformsorperhapstheusers.Theyallhavetodeterminewhatdoesanddoesn'tgetshown,don'tthey?

Speaker 1

I don't think anyone should determine what does and doesn't get shown.

Words and timings
Idon'tthinkanyoneshoulddeterminewhatdoesanddoesn'tgetshown.

Speaker 4

Whether they should or they shouldn't is one issue. But in reality, someone will, for better or worse.

Words and timings
Whethertheyshouldortheyshouldn'tisoneissue.Butinreality,someonewill,forbetterorworse.

Speaker 1

they will but then like all issues of liberty you've got to resist otherwise you know the end is the end is predetermined as being an end you wouldn't particularly want to be living in and Steve Jobs would have to come back from the grave and make another it doesn't need to come back because he's got you as one of the last principled men on earth exactly

Words and timings
theywillbutthenlikeallissuesoflibertyyou'vegottoresistotherwiseyouknowtheendistheendispredeterminedasbeinganendyouwouldn'tparticularlywanttobelivinginandSteveJobswouldhavetocomebackfromthegraveandmakeanotheritdoesn'tneedtocomebackbecausehe'sgotyouasoneofthelastprincipledmenonearthexactly

Speaker 4

So you're standing up for the openness and we've had this conversation so many times before Keith but something shouldn't appear. What about propaganda?

Words and timings
Soyou'restandingupfortheopennessandwe'vehadthisconversationsomanytimesbeforeKeithbutsomethingshouldn'tappear.Whataboutpropaganda?

Speaker 1

Propaganda is a legitimate form of an attempt to influence opinion.

Words and timings
Propagandaisalegitimateformofanattempttoinfluenceopinion.

Speaker 4

But if people don't know it's propaganda, if it's being published by Putin or DeSantis or

Words and timings
Butifpeopledon'tknowit'spropaganda,ifit'sbeingpublishedbyPutinorDeSantisor

Speaker 1

Propaganda is just another word for trying to influence opinion in your favor and it is a legitimate human endeavor. Now of course there are narrower definitions of propaganda assigned to the Nazis for example that correlate propaganda to for example the Holocaust and it's true that propaganda can at a certain point spill over into law breaking and I think that's the right place to be there are laws we vote for you know people who legislate them and you can't break them and any guesses in these two cases how they're going to turn out the Open AI New York Times case and the Supreme Court one I actually don't know. I'd be shocked if the Supreme Court sides with Florida and Texas, to be honest. Even if it's a conservative court? Yeah, but I think I actually am naive enough to believe that even conservative judges care about the law and the Constitution enough to not make decisions that are unconstitutional.

Words and timings
Propagandaisjustanotherwordfortryingtoinfluenceopinioninyourfavoranditisalegitimatehumanendeavor.NowofcoursetherearenarrowerdefinitionsofpropagandaassignedtotheNazisforexamplethatcorrelatepropagandatoforexampletheHolocaustandit'struethatpropagandacanatacertainpointspilloverintolawbreakingandIthinkthat'stherightplacetobetherearelawswevoteforyouknowpeoplewholegislatethemandyoucan'tbreakthemandanyguessesinthesetwocaseshowthey'regoingtoturnouttheOpenAINewYorkTimescaseandtheSupremeCourtoneIactuallydon'tknow.I'dbeshockediftheSupremeCourtsideswithFloridaandTexas,tobehonest.Evenifit'saconservativecourt?Yeah,butIthinkIactuallyamnaiveenoughtobelievethatevenconservativejudgescareaboutthelawandtheConstitutionenoughtonotmakedecisionsthatareunconstitutional.

Speaker 4

And where does this all leave OpenAI? You've been very bullish in the past, Keith, about OpenAI. You've talked about it becoming maybe by the Oscars of 2026, the most powerful company in the world.

Words and timings
AndwheredoesthisallleaveOpenAI?You'vebeenverybullishinthepast,Keith,aboutOpenAI.You'vetalkedaboutitbecomingmaybebytheOscarsof2026,themostpowerfulcompanyintheworld.

Speaker 4

What's your sense of the state of OpenAI, particularly in the context of Sora, its release in February of 2024?

Words and timings
What'syoursenseofthestateofOpenAI,particularlyinthecontextofSora,itsreleaseinFebruaryof2024?

Speaker 1

I think this week has reinforced my view that OpenAI is going to have its fingers in literally trillions of dollars of value creation in the decades ahead.

Words and timings
IthinkthisweekhasreinforcedmyviewthatOpenAIisgoingtohaveitsfingersinliterallytrillionsofdollarsofvaluecreationinthedecadesahead.

Speaker 1

It may need to figure out you know some of its structures to optimize that but it's gonna be right in the middle of changing everything Google this week announced that it you know two weeks after its previous launch has released Gemini 1.5 which is capable of doing 10... I've mentioned it in the editorial but it isn't one of the articles but there's a link to an article about it in the editorial and it can cope with 10 million... Well, why is that good for OpenAI?

Words and timings
Itmayneedtofigureoutyouknowsomeofitsstructurestooptimizethatbutit'sgonnaberightinthemiddleofchangingeverythingGooglethisweekannouncedthatityouknowtwoweeksafteritspreviouslaunchhasreleasedGemini1.5whichiscapableofdoing10...I'vementioneditintheeditorialbutitisn'toneofthearticlesbutthere'salinktoanarticleaboutitintheeditorialanditcancopewith10million...Well,whyisthatgoodforOpenAI?

Speaker 4

They're the most direct competitor.

Words and timings
They'rethemostdirectcompetitor.

Speaker 1

It's a direct reaction to OpenAI. So OpenAI is the catalyst for lots of innovation at Google. Google has a lot to lose.

Words and timings
It'sadirectreactiontoOpenAI.SoOpenAIisthecatalystforlotsofinnovationatGoogle.Googlehasalottolose.

Speaker 4

It has a revenue stream based on... What do you make also... I'm not sure if you had a link in this week's newsletter. There were a couple of headlines which seemed rather surreal to me of Altman, and this is not with him wearing his OpenAI hat, or maybe he's wearing more than one hat, trying to raise $14 trillion for some chip startup.

Words and timings
Ithasarevenuestreambasedon...Whatdoyoumakealso...I'mnotsureifyouhadalinkinthisweek'snewsletter.TherewereacoupleofheadlineswhichseemedrathersurrealtomeofAltman,andthisisnotwithhimwearinghisOpenAIhat,ormaybehe'swearingmorethanonehat,tryingtoraise$14trillionforsomechipstartup.

Speaker 1

I think that's been poo-pooed. I don't think it's factual. I do think he's trying to build, you know, NVIDIA this week is now worth more than Amazon and Alphabet. So the chip business for AI is very, very lucrative. And there is only one game in town right now, NVIDIA. So I do think Altman is trying to raise money to have a competitor to NVIDIA.

Words and timings
Ithinkthat'sbeenpoo-pooed.Idon'tthinkit'sfactual.Idothinkhe'stryingtobuild,youknow,NVIDIAthisweekisnowworthmorethanAmazonandAlphabet.SothechipbusinessforAIisvery,verylucrative.Andthereisonlyonegameintownrightnow,NVIDIA.SoIdothinkAltmanistryingtoraisemoneytohaveacompetitortoNVIDIA.

Speaker 4

So I wonder though, if he did, I mean, I don't know how you raised $14 trillion. It's almost the entire world GDP. But if he did, what would that mean for OpenAI? It's not going to be an OpenAI company.

Words and timings
SoIwonderthough,ifhedid,Imean,Idon'tknowhowyouraised$14trillion.It'salmosttheentireworldGDP.Butifhedid,whatwouldthatmeanforOpenAI?It'snotgoingtobeanOpenAIcompany.

Speaker 1

Well, what it means is there'll be a sunk cost to having the hardware that can produce a 90-minute or two-hour movie in minutes. So the future of AI is correlated to the future of infrastructure. Clearly those companies in the infrastructure business for AI are doing very very well and will continue to do and it doesn't surprise me that the leading operators in AI would like to be free of having to pay lots of money to other companies and to do that getting their own chips would be part of that. Google by the way has been doing that for a long time. and so is Amazon. So there's a lot of deep tech there. It's to do with FPGA chips and different kinds of chips, neural networks. There's a lot of science there, but the short story is if you don't want to be paying a lot of money to third parties, you've got to build your own.

Words and timings
Well,whatitmeansisthere'llbeasunkcosttohavingthehardwarethatcanproducea90-minuteortwo-hourmovieinminutes.SothefutureofAIiscorrelatedtothefutureofinfrastructure.ClearlythosecompaniesintheinfrastructurebusinessforAIaredoingveryverywellandwillcontinuetodoanditdoesn'tsurprisemethattheleadingoperatorsinAIwouldliketobefreeofhavingtopaylotsofmoneytoothercompaniesandtodothatgettingtheirownchipswouldbepartofthat.Googlebythewayhasbeendoingthatforalongtime.andsoisAmazon.Sothere'salotofdeeptechthere.It'stodowithFPGAchipsanddifferentkindsofchips,neuralnetworks.There'salotofsciencethere,buttheshortstoryisifyoudon'twanttobepayingalotofmoneytothirdparties,you'vegottobuildyourown.

Speaker 4

I don't suppose they'll serve chips, Keith, at the Oscars coming up. Computer Chips or English Chips, which in America are called French Fries. I was actually rather surprised. You gave the Oscar to Sora in 2026, but what you didn't do, and you're at complete control of your startup of the week, is you didn't give the startup of the week this week to OpenAI. You've probably done it so many times in the past, you needed to find someone else. So you found Brett Taylor's new AI company. Tell me about that and remind us who Brett Taylor is.

Words and timings
Idon'tsupposethey'llservechips,Keith,attheOscarscomingup.ComputerChipsorEnglishChips,whichinAmericaarecalledFrenchFries.Iwasactuallyrathersurprised.YougavetheOscartoSorain2026,butwhatyoudidn'tdo,andyou'reatcompletecontrolofyourstartupoftheweek,isyoudidn'tgivethestartupoftheweekthisweektoOpenAI.You'veprobablydoneitsomanytimesinthepast,youneededtofindsomeoneelse.SoyoufoundBrettTaylor'snewAIcompany.TellmeaboutthatandreminduswhoBrettTayloris.

Speaker 1

So Brett Taylor was most recently CEO at Salesforce, and he's now the chairman of the board at OpenAI. And way back, he did FriendFeed, which was, I don't know if you remember using FriendFeed.

Words and timings
SoBrettTaylorwasmostrecentlyCEOatSalesforce,andhe'snowthechairmanoftheboardatOpenAI.Andwayback,hedidFriendFeed,whichwas,Idon'tknowifyourememberusingFriendFeed.

Speaker 4

Yeah, I remember. Steve Gilmore used to champion that.

Words and timings
Yeah,Iremember.SteveGilmoreusedtochampionthat.

Speaker 1

Yeah. So Brett Taylor is a serial innovator with a lot of success behind him. and he has now turned his mind to a company called Sierra and Sierra is a platform to automate mundane tasks in businesses like updating databases and things that typically humans do. He started The Week because A of who he is and B he's raised some money

Words and timings
Yeah.SoBrettTaylorisaserialinnovatorwithalotofsuccessbehindhim.andhehasnowturnedhismindtoacompanycalledSierraandSierraisaplatformtoautomatemundanetasksinbusinesseslikeupdatingdatabasesandthingsthattypicallyhumansdo.HestartedTheWeekbecauseAofwhoheisandBhe'sraisedsomemoney

Speaker 4

yeah it's a no-brainer in a sense he's doing what every other startup AI company from obviously from from OpenAI to all the other platforms is this just a narrower version

Words and timings
yeahit'sano-brainerinasensehe'sdoingwhateveryotherstartupAIcompanyfromobviouslyfromfromOpenAItoalltheotherplatformsisthisjustanarrowerversion

Speaker 1

Yeah, it's an application. It's a bit like applied math versus math in general. He's basically applying the AI techniques to corporate tasks, mundane ones. There's a company called UiPath that I invested in that is now worth a lot of money in public that started doing this about a decade ago out of Romania, actually, and then London. And they were an earlier version of enterprise automation.

Words and timings
Yeah,it'sanapplication.It'sabitlikeappliedmathversusmathingeneral.He'sbasicallyapplyingtheAItechniquestocorporatetasks,mundaneones.There'sacompanycalledUiPaththatIinvestedinthatisnowworthalotofmoneyinpublicthatstarteddoingthisaboutadecadeagooutofRomania,actually,andthenLondon.Andtheywereanearlierversionofenterpriseautomation.

Speaker 4

So what would this mean? I mean, wouldn't Anthropic or OpenAI or Gemini, ultimately, wouldn't they be able to do this? Why would Sierra be able to compete with one of these larger platforms?

Words and timings
Sowhatwouldthismean?Imean,wouldn'tAnthropicorOpenAIorGemini,ultimately,wouldn'ttheybeabletodothis?WhywouldSierrabeabletocompetewithoneoftheselargerplatforms?

Speaker 1

Well, some of the reaction to the announcement said that it's going to be highly challenging because large language models are not good at linear decision making. So this is a different set of problems. It's like, how do you make sure it doesn't put the wrong field in the database? There was a case today where Air Canada's chatbot told a customer who was looking for a bereaved ticket that the chatbot said, well, the way you get that is you pay a full price and then you claim it back afterwards. So the customer did that only to find out the chatbot was wrong, that you actually have to do it ahead of time and get approval ahead of time and it went to court and the judge just found that Air Canada is responsible for the... They are if the chatbot's on Air Canada, but not if it's on Sierra. It's on Air Canada. So basically, you know, decision making, enterprise decision making when it comes down to filling databases with correct information is a totally different problem set to large language models. So there's going to be... There's going to be some pain in learning and delivering, but you could probably bet on Brett Taylor figuring that out.

Words and timings
Well,someofthereactiontotheannouncementsaidthatit'sgoingtobehighlychallengingbecauselargelanguagemodelsarenotgoodatlineardecisionmaking.Sothisisadifferentsetofproblems.It'slike,howdoyoumakesureitdoesn'tputthewrongfieldinthedatabase?TherewasacasetodaywhereAirCanada'schatbottoldacustomerwhowaslookingforabereavedticketthatthechatbotsaid,well,thewayyougetthatisyoupayafullpriceandthenyouclaimitbackafterwards.Sothecustomerdidthatonlytofindoutthechatbotwaswrong,thatyouactuallyhavetodoitaheadoftimeandgetapprovalaheadoftimeanditwenttocourtandthejudgejustfoundthatAirCanadaisresponsibleforthe...Theyareifthechatbot'sonAirCanada,butnotifit'sonSierra.It'sonAirCanada.Sobasically,youknow,decisionmaking,enterprisedecisionmakingwhenitcomesdowntofillingdatabaseswithcorrectinformationisatotallydifferentproblemsettolargelanguagemodels.Sothere'sgoingtobe...There'sgoingtobesomepaininlearninganddelivering,butyoucouldprobablybetonBrettTaylorfiguringthatout.

Speaker 4

Are you betting on him? Would you invest Keith in Sierra? I think I would. Well, everyone's throwing their hats into the AI ring.

Words and timings
Areyoubettingonhim?WouldyouinvestKeithinSierra?IthinkIwould.Well,everyone'sthrowingtheirhatsintotheAIring.

Speaker 4

And one of your favorite tech people, Elad Gill, one of your heroes, has got X of the week for his X on AI. Tell me about this X, Keith.

Words and timings
Andoneofyourfavoritetechpeople,EladGill,oneofyourheroes,hasgotXoftheweekforhisXonAI.TellmeaboutthisX,Keith.

Speaker 1

So Elad Gill is an investor that has been in lots of successful companies and is right in the middle of Silicon Valley when it comes to what's going on. And yesterday he posted that he feels like we're now on a slope leading into the singularity. The singularity is a phrase used by followers of Ray Kurzweil to describe a moment when innovation goes so fast that humans can't keep up with it anymore. I don't think we're quite there yet. Finding I Can Keep Up With It. So I don't think we're quite there yet, but if the machines start training themselves and improve what they can do in a non-linear way, we will get there. And Eli Gill is basically saying he's looking at that becoming a real thing now.

Words and timings
SoEladGillisaninvestorthathasbeeninlotsofsuccessfulcompaniesandisrightinthemiddleofSiliconValleywhenitcomestowhat'sgoingon.Andyesterdayhepostedthathefeelslikewe'renowonaslopeleadingintothesingularity.ThesingularityisaphraseusedbyfollowersofRayKurzweiltodescribeamomentwheninnovationgoessofastthathumanscan'tkeepupwithitanymore.Idon'tthinkwe'requitethereyet.FindingICanKeepUpWithIt.SoIdon'tthinkwe'requitethereyet,butifthemachinesstarttrainingthemselvesandimprovewhattheycandoinanon-linearway,wewillgetthere.AndEliGillisbasicallysayinghe'slookingatthatbecomingarealthingnow.

Speaker 4

Yeah, and judging from the imagery in the X, I'm not sure he's particularly thrilled with it. Is it a warning or a celebration?

Words and timings
Yeah,andjudgingfromtheimageryintheX,I'mnotsurehe'sparticularlythrilledwithit.Isitawarningoracelebration?

Speaker 1

It's probably a little bit of both, but mostly knowing him a little bit, not personally, but just through observing, I think it's probably optimistic.

Words and timings
It'sprobablyalittlebitofboth,butmostlyknowinghimalittlebit,notpersonally,butjustthroughobserving,Ithinkit'sprobablyoptimistic.

Speaker 4

Optimistic in the sense that he thinks it's a good thing? A good thing, yeah. And do you agree? Do you agree with Gil that and I'm quoting VX again, working in AI right now feels like the early slope, he's obviously a skier, leading into the singularity. So much happening so quickly.

Words and timings
Optimisticinthesensethathethinksit'sagoodthing?Agoodthing,yeah.Anddoyouagree?DoyouagreewithGilthatandI'mquotingVXagain,workinginAIrightnowfeelsliketheearlyslope,he'sobviouslyaskier,leadingintothesingularity.Somuchhappeningsoquickly.

Speaker 1

I think it is a good thing because who doesn't want to do less because machines do more?

Words and timings
Ithinkitisagoodthingbecausewhodoesn'twanttodolessbecausemachinesdomore?

Speaker 4

I mean, that to me is the very definition of... Yeah, but you just acknowledge that you could do less and not personally curate your newsletter, but then it wouldn't be the same thing.

Words and timings
Imean,thattomeistheverydefinitionof...Yeah,butyoujustacknowledgethatyoucoulddolessandnotpersonallycurateyournewsletter,butthenitwouldn'tbethesamething.

Speaker 1

It would be the same thing if I'm feeding it the curated stories. It would just do the grunt work. That's Brett Taylor's point.

Words and timings
ItwouldbethesamethingifI'mfeedingitthecuratedstories.Itwouldjustdothegruntwork.That'sBrettTaylor'spoint.

Speaker 4

So maybe, Keith, a headline for me is Read My Feedly. You're not telling our audience, you're telling the AI. Read My Feedly. Is that right?

Words and timings
Somaybe,Keith,aheadlineformeisReadMyFeedly.You'renottellingouraudience,you'retellingtheAI.ReadMyFeedly.Isthatright?

Speaker 1

I've tried, actually. It doesn't do a good job yet. I do a better job right now.

Words and timings
I'vetried,actually.Itdoesn'tdoagoodjobyet.Idoabetterjobrightnow.

Speaker 3

On A Cloudy Day When It's Cold Outside I've Got The Monday Everybody Say I Guess You Say What Can Make Me Feel This Way It's My Girl Love I'm Talking About

Words and timings
OnACloudyDayWhenIt'sColdOutsideI'veGotTheMondayEverybodySayIGuessYouSayWhatCanMakeMeFeelThisWayIt'sMyGirlLoveI'mTalkingAbout